Beehold : the colony of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L) as a bio-sampler for pollutants and plant pathogens

摘要: Bio-sampling is a function of bio-indication. Bio-indication with honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera L) where the research fields environmental technology and apiculture overlap. The honeybees are samplers environment by collecting unintentionally simultaneously, along nectar, pollen, water honeydew from flowers or on leaves, other matter (in bio-indication terms: target matter) accumulating this in colony. Collected matter, thesis heavy metals, plant pathogens Erwinia pyrifoliae amylovora soil pollutant γ-HCH, collected colony subsampling. Subsampling done taking killing bees hive (sacrificial) bee’s exterior without bee (non-sacrificial). In terms application Passive Sampling Method (PSM). possibilities restrictions PSM explored. broad field one common factor: living organism (bio) applied to record an alteration (indication). may be small such as laboratory big ecosystem. Alterations vary detecting substances foreign body mortality organism. concept Source-Path-Receptor (SPR) map route pollutant. It describes pollution is, how it moves through ends. This same all organisms, ergo also honeybees. Honeybees depend for their food. SPR concept, flower can source, path receptor. Along honeydew, Each functions micro-sampler environment, case flower. part fact bio-sampler. superorganism. well-being prevails over individual honeybee. Food collection directed colony’s need. Foragers most profitable food sources dance exchange (trophallaxis). result feature that mainly exploited poor less not at all. During active foraging period hundreds thousands visited daily. plus accumulated order obtain must subsampled. picking hive-entrance (hive-entering bees) inside (in-hive processing them analysis (sacrificial). commonly method. However, possible subsample hive-entering For non-sacrificial subsampling Beehold device sampling tube has been developed. results qualitative indicative follow up study (Chapter 1). Six studies γ-HCH presented. Chapter 2 concentration eighteen metals fluctuate throughout July, August September (temporal) sites: city Maastricht, urban location electricity power Buggenum Nieuwe Waterweg Hoek van Holland (spatial). A number have previously analysed To whether used air pollution, concentrations cadmium, vanadium lead were compared found placed next samplers. Only significant differences metal ambient show was spatial temporal cadmium too futile demonstrate correspondence 3). national surveillance 2008 analysed. showed distinct regional pattern. East Netherlands higher West. Besides local recorded. An approximate description land use around 148 apiaries (> 50% agriculture, > wooded area, area mixed use) indicated impact areas wood significantly detected 4). 2, 3 4 sacrificially. presented 5, 6, 7 subsampled non-sacrificially simultaneously pathogen E. causes infection strawberry cultivation greenhouses. greenhouse pollination. 5 combination pollination / studied. proved match. could in-hive prior any symptom flowers. tube, bacterium time first tiny symptoms infection. principles which based discussed. fireblight orchards. performed Austria 2013. known fruit tree. outbreak depends flowering period, humidity temperature. 2013 no emerged orchards performed. Therefore, (Lindane) pollutants Bitterfeld region Saxony-Anhalt Germany. dumping industrial waste production locations. Although bound particles there flux groundwater surface water. Consequently, end sediments streambed flood plains. objective investigate hypothetic polluted (source), via erosion atmospheric deposition (route) receptor (flowering flowers) tube. average 17000 passed daily maximal 28 days, detected. pollen pattern revealed 7). pros cons. Distinctive many micro samplers, extensive (both accumulation successful colonies, determining factors are: distance between colony, pooled subsampling, minimal frequency sample size, sacrificial solely combination. Taking impacts upon performance consequently passive Based long-years’ experience inter-collegial discussion stated 3% forager (hive-entering) 1.5% sampled safely impacting restriction does apply when carrying out 8). Performing more applications than so far. Further make change. particular I mention here Everywhere Apiculture practiced (all world except polar areas) simple, practical low cost way.