Heterogeneous Catalysis and Solid Catalysts

摘要: The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Types of Catalysis 1.2. Catalysis as a Scientific Discipline 1.3. Industrial Importance Catalysis 1.4. History Catalysis 2. Theoretical Aspects 2.1. Principles and Concepts 2.1.1. Sabatier's Principle 2.1.2. The Principle Active Sites 2.1.3. Surface Coordination Chemistry 2.1.4. Modifiers Promoters 2.1.5. Active Phase – Support Interactions 2.1.6. Spillover Phenomena 2.1.7. Phase-Cooperation Site-Isolation Concepts 2.1.8. Shape-Selectivity Concept 2.1.9. Principles the Catalytic Cycle 2.2. Kinetics Heterogeneous Reactions 2.2.1. Concepts Reaction Kinetics (Microkinetics) 2.2.2. Application Microkinetic Analysis 2.2.3. Langmuir – Hinshelwood – Hougen – Watson Kinetics 2.2.4. Activity Selectivity 2.3. Molecular Modeling in Catalysis 2.3.1. Density Functional Theory 2.3.2. Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation 2.3.3. Mean-Field Approximation 2.3.4. Development Multistep Surface Mechanisms 3. Development Solid Catalysts 4. Classification Catalysts 4.1. Unsupported (Bulk) Catalysts 4.1.1. Metal Oxides 4.1.1.1. Simple Binary Oxides 4.1.1.2. Complex Multicomponent Oxides 4.1.2. Metals Metal Alloys 4.1.3. Carbides Nitrides 4.1.4. Carbons 4.1.5. Ion-Exchange Resins Ionomers 4.1.6. Molecularly Imprinted Catalysts 4.1.7. Metal – Organic Frameworks 4.1.8. Metal Salts 4.2. Supported Catalysts 4.2.1. Supports 4.2.2. Supported Oxide Catalysts 4.2.3. Surface-Modified Oxides 4.2.4. Supported Catalysts 4.2.5. Supported Sulfide Catalysts 4.2.6. Hybrid Catalysts 4.2.7. Ship-in-a-Bottle Catalysts 4.2.8. Polymerization Catalysts 4.3. Coated Catalysts 5. Production Catalysts 5.1. Unsupported Catalysts 5.2. Supported Catalysts 5.2.1. Supports 5.2.2. Preparation Supported Catalysts 5.3. Unit Operations Catalyst Production 6. Characterization Catalysts 6.1. Physical Properties 6.1.1. Surface Area Porosity 6.1.2. Particle Size Dispersion 6.1.3. Structure Morphology 6.1.4. Local Environment Elements 6.2. Chemical Properties 6.2.1. Surface Chemical Composition 6.2.2. Valence States Redox Properties 6.2.3. Acidity Basicity 6.3. Mechanical Properties 6.4. Characterization Catalysts under Working Conditions 6.4.1. Temporal Analysis Products (TAP Reactor) 6.4.2. Use Isotopes 6.4.3. Use Substituents, Selective Feeding, Poisoning 6.4.4. Spatially Resolved Fluid Phase over Catalyst 6.4.5. Spectroscopic Techniques 7. Design Technical Operation Catalysts 7.1. Design Criteria for Catalysts 7.2. Catalytic Reactors 7.2.1. Classification Reactors 7.2.2. Laboratory Reactors 7.2.3. Industrial Reactors 7.2.4. Special Reactor Types Processes 7.2.5. Simulation Reactors 7.3. Catalyst Deactivation Regeneration 7.3.1. Different Deactivation 7.3.2. Catalyst Regeneration 7.3.3. Catalyst Reworking Disposal 8. Industrial Application Mechanisms Selected Technically Relevant Reactions 8.1. Synthesis Gas Hydrogen 8.2. Ammonia Synthesis 8.3. Methanol Fischer – Tropsch Synthesis 8.3.1. Methanol Synthesis 8.3.2. Fischer – Tropsch Synthesis 8.4. Hydrocarbon Transformations 8.4.1. Selective Hydrocarbon Oxidation Reactions 8.4.1.1. Epoxidation Ethylene Propene 8.4.1.2. Ammoxidation Hydrocarbons 8.4.2. Hydroprocessing Reactions 8.5. Environmental Catalysis 8.5.1. Catalytic Reduction Nitrogen Oxides from Stationary Sources 8.5.2. Automotive Exhaust Catalysis