Neural substrates of opiate withdrawal.

摘要: Abstract Drug withdrawal is an integral part of most types dependence and, to a large extent, opiate has been considered the prototypic, classic measure dependence. The syndrome characterized by multiple behavioral and physiological signs such as activation, ptosis, diarrhea, ‘wet dog' shakes motivational dysfunction, which may be represented in CNS at sites. It seems that activating effects associated with mediated nucleus locus coeruleus. Other wet dog involve sites hypothalamus important for temperature regulation. Certain other diarrhea lacrimation dependent on peripheral receptors. aspects demonstrated aversive stimulus or negative reinforcing (e.g. disrupted lever-pressing food place aversions) those elements accumbens are known acute opiates nondependent rats. Evidence exists cellular molecular level both ‘within-system' ‘between-system' adaptations Elucidation neural networks, mechanisms involved provide not only model our understanding adaptive processes drug but also chronic insults function.