Optically Stimulated Luminescence: Fundamentals and Applications

摘要: Preface. Acknowledgments. Disclaimer. List of Acronyms. 1 Introduction. 1.1 A Short History Optically Stimulated Luminescence. 1.2 Brief Description Successful Applications. 1.2.1 Personal. 1.2.2 Space. 1.2.3 Medical. 1.2.4 Security. 1.3 The Future. 2 Theory and Practical Aspects. 2.1 2.2 Basic Aspects the OSL Phenomenon. 2.2.1 Energy Levels in Perfect Crystals. 2.2.2 Defects Crystal. 2.2.3 Excitation Crystal by Ionizing Radiation. 2.2.4 Trapping Recombination at Defect Levels. 2.2.5 Thermal Stimulation Trapped Charges. 2.2.6 Optical 2.2.7 Luminescence Process. 2.2.8 Rate Equations for TL Processes. 2.2.9 Temperature Dependence Signal. 2.2.10 Other Models. 2.3 Readout. 2.3.1 Elements an Reader. 2.3.2 Modalities. 2.4 Instrumentation. 2.4.1 Light Sources. 2.4.2 Detectors. 2.4.3 Filters. 2.4.4 Collection. 2.4.5 Sample Heaters. 2.5 Available Readers. 2.5.1 Experimental Arrangements. 2.5.2 Automated Research 2.5.3 Commercial Dosimetry 2.5.4 Fiber Systems. 2.5.5 Imaging 2.5.6 Portable 2.6 Complementary Techniques. 2.6.1 Emission Spectrum. 2.6.2 Lifetime Time-Resolved Measurements. 2.6.3 Correlations Between TL. 2.6.4 Phenomena. 2.7 Overview Materials. 2.7.1 Artificial 2.7.2 Natural 2.7.3 Electronic Components. 2.7.4 Materials Material Needs. 3 Personal Dosimetry. 3.1 3.2 Quantities Interest. 3.2.1 Absorbed Dose Physical Quantities. 3.2.2 Protection 3.2.3 Operational 3.3 Considerations. 3.3.1 Definitions. 3.3.2 Calculation Algorithm. 3.3.3 Reference Calibration Fields Area Dosimeters. 3.3.4 Uncertainty Analysis Expression Uncertainty. 3.4 3.4.1 General Characteristics. 3.4.2 Al2O3:C 3.4.3 BeO 3.5 3.5.1 Luxel+ System. 3.5.2 InLight 3.6 Neutron-Sensitive 3.6.1 Development 3.6.2 Properties OSLN 3.6.3 Ionization Density Effects. 4 Space 4.1 4.2 Radiation Environment. 4.2.1 Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR). 4.2.2 Earth's Belts (ERB). 4.2.3 Solar Particle Events (SPEs). 4.2.4 Secondary 4.3 4.3.1 Dose, D. 4.3.2 Equivalent, H. 4.3.3 Equivalent HT. 4.3.4 Effective E. 4.3.5 Gray-Equivalent, GT. 4.4 Health Risk. 4.5 Evaluation Using OSLDs (and TLDs). 4.5.1 Problem Fields. 4.5.2 Thermoluminescence, 4.5.3 Luminescence, OSL. 4.5.4 Response Mixed 4.6 4.6.1 Use TLDs) Space-Radiation 4.6.2 Example 4.7 Future Directions. 5 Medical 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 Diagnostic Radiology. 5.2.2 Therapy Radiosurgery. 5.2.3 Proton Heavy-Ion Therapy. 5.3 Applied to 5.3.1 Proposed Formalism. 5.3.2 Readout Protocols. 5.3.3 Checklist Reporting Results. 5.4 Optical-Fiber Systems Real-time 5.4.1 Concept. 5.4.2 System Designs 5.4.3 Approaches. 5.5 Detectors 5.5.1 Influence Factors Correction Factors. 5.5.2 Beam Quality. 5.6 Clinical 5.6.1 Quality Assurance External 5.6.2 Brachytherapy. 5.6.3 Measurement Profiles X-ray Computed Tomography (CT). 5.6.4 5.6.5 Fluoroscopy (Patient Staff Dosimetry). 5.6.6 Mammography. 5.6.7 Out-of-field Assessment Radiotherapy. 5.6.8 Mapping. 5.6.9 Final Remarks on 6 Applications Concepts. 6.1 6.2 Retrospective Accident 6.2.1 6.2.2 Methodological 6.2.3 Building 6.2.4 Household 6.2.5 6.2.6 Dental Enamel Ceramics. 6.3 Environmental Monitoring. 6.4 UV 6.5 Integrated Sensors. 6.6 Passive/Active Devices. 6.7 Potential Security References. Index.