Determinants of Gas Exchange and Acid–Base Balance During Exercise

摘要: The sections in this article are: 1 Structural and Functional Determinants of Gas Exchange 1.1 The Nature O2 CO2 Binding Chemical Equilibria Blood 1.2 Alveolar Composition at Equilibrium with End-Capillary Blood 1.3 Diffusive Transport 1.4 Rate Equilibration between Alveolar Air Capillary Blood 1.5 Nonuniformity Regional Exchange 1.6 Optimizing Transport Lung Muscle 2 Methods Assessment 2.1 Rates Inert Mixing the Lung 2.2 Infusion Techniques 2.3 Ventilation/Perfusion (a/) Relationships 2.4 Diffusing Capacity Lung 3 Pulmonary Exchange During Exercise 3.1 Changes Arterial Pco2 Po2 Incremental Workloads 3.2 Physiological Basis Blood Changes 3.3 Physiological a/ Mismatch Diffusion Limitation 4 Acid–Base Regulation Exercise: A Physicochemical Approach 4.1 Basic Concepts Acid–Base Physiology 4.2 Physicochemical Approach to Factors Influencing [H+] 4.3 Systems Contributing [H+] Regulation 4.4 Interaction Systems 4.5 Determinants Different Body Compartments 4.6 Contributors Muscle Rest Exercise 4.7 Changes Extracellular Fluid Exercise 4.8 Venous Plasma Erythrocytes 4.9 Lactate Oxidation Role Inactive Muscle 4.10 Integration Mechanisms Balance Excretion 4.11 The Approach: Advantages Drawbacks 5 Comparative Aspects Exchange 5.1 Comparison Structural Physiologic Estimates Diffusing Capacity 5.2 Recruitment during Exercise 5.3 Importance Volume Hematocrit 5.4 Optimization — Hemoglobin P50 6 Conclusion