Expenditures, investment and financing for sustainable development in Brazil

摘要: The objective of this study is to examine the evolution and characteristics financing for nvironment in Brazil, order identify advances retreats after Rio 92 Conference. Brazil has a very decentralized administration, composed three independent levels public administration: federal government, 27 state governments, more than 5000 municipios," or municipalities; all them with specific environmental institutions. However, at time completion report, there were no indicators that aggregate information from these different institutional 1992-2001 period.(1) Thus, was first effort generate kind figures. Given short its completion, main priority resource flows government some selected states. Efforts estimate spending on pollution control other activities by private sector also made. In addition, issue funding sources discussed. Despite many methodological problems involved elaboration indicators, it possible trends conclusions spending. At level, estimated expenditures between 0.4% 1% Another important finding that, although an official commitment increase efforts area Conference, overall issues did not during 1993-2000 period. Moreover, matter concern declining quality spending, fewer resources directed end-activities money diverted means-expenditures. An cause increasing share debt related (interests amortization) total budget. On hand, investments suffered cutbacks, particularly recent period, personnel fell systematically 25% constant prices second half nineties. Environmental projects are most single element international cooperation agreements. flow foreign presented trend since 1994, oscillating 6% 17% expenditures. Most come external credit operations (loans), which means long term, they represent extra pressure financial expenses proportion donations/total 2000 lowest level series (2.0%), clearly indicating decline support Brazil. Results 1996-98 period show if sanitation costs included (an overestimate considers water supply), relatively local governments: around 9% sample municipios considered. State governments position, 1.5% their budget issues, contrast less government. For reason, remains clear need better figures states whole methodologies used budgeting expenditure vary widely, making hard supply compatible numbers. where longer (Sao Paulo, Parana Grande do Sul), consistent objectives. gap needs be fulfilled refers There positive signals indicated getting concerned those agents have interests/responsibilities level. It calculated industry R$ 160 million per year, slightly value added. Although expected number will future, considerably lower issues. difficult figures, but assuming year total, would 0.33% GDP, annual capita 22.9 (US$ 9.2 capita). If industrial (R$ million) added, becomes 4.1 billion (0.34% GDP), 23.9 9.6 comes (mainly federal, through BNDES), development agencies, companies' own resources. minor role but, gain, changes, creation innovative funds specialized environmentally friendly combine "green" interests as example. consolidation economic instruments agreements, Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gases emissions, may accelerate new market. potential source connected implementation management system. Command-andcontrol procedures, such licensing emission standards, largely dominate regulation interesting experiences, tax rebound (ICMS verde) changes policy adopting user/polluter-pays principle, indicate and, consequently, developing self-sustained mechanisms sponsor (1) After research, Brazilian Institute Geography Statistics (IBGE) published estimates (IBGE 2001). Whenever relevant, added analysis, alert obtained using procedures."