Predicting invasive species impacts: a community module functional response approach reveals context dependencies.

摘要: Predatory functional responses play integral roles in predator-prey dynamics, and their assessment promises greater understanding prediction of the predatory impacts invasive species. Other interspecific interactions, however, such as parasitism higher-order predation, have potential to modify interactions thus predictive capability comparative response approach. We used a four-species community module (higher-order predator; focal native or predators; parasites prey) compare Gammarus duebeni celticus pulex amphipods towards three invertebrate prey species (Asellus aquaticus, Simulium spp., Baetis rhodani), thus, quantifying context dependencies fish predator on these responses. Our experiments demonstrated that amphipod had higher impact (lower handling time) two species, which reflects patterns observed field. The also revealed context-dependent influences, for one with further reduce increase presence predator. Partial consumption was similar both predators occurred increasingly order A. spp. B. rhodani. This associated increasing densities, but showed no study supports applicability tool predict assess incorporating multiple dependencies.