Cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the diagnosis and management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

摘要: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by an impaired ventricular filling resulting in the development of dyspnea and other HF symptoms. Even though echocardiography cornerstone to demonstrate structural and/or functional alterations heart as underlying cause for clinical presentation, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) represents noninvasive gold standard assess cardiac morphology, function, tissue changes. Indeed, CMR allows quantification biventricular volumes, mass, wall thickness, systolic intra- extracardiac flows; diastolic indices include transmitral pulmonary venous velocities, left atrial velocities from volumetric changes, strain analysis myocardial tagging, phase contrast, feature tracking. Moreover, superior characterization myocardium pericardium, which are crucial a etiological histopathological assessment HFpEF: conventional T1-weighted, T2-weighted, post-contrast sequences now complemented quantitative mapping sequences, including T1 T2 well extracellular volume quantification. Further experimental comprise diffusion tensor analysis, blood oxygenation-dependent hyperpolarized contrast agents, spectroscopy, elastography. Finally, artificial intelligence beginning help clinicians deal increasing amount information exams.