The Impact of War and Economic Sanction on the Incidence of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Serbia.

摘要: Abstract: This study compared the distribution of various types visual impairments among Serbian children who were born prior to imposed economic sanctions and wars 1990s in former Yugoslavia that during years active war. ********** The tragic experience countries have left a legacy severe physical mental health problems civilians region, including (Babic-Banaszak, Kovacic, Kovacevic, Vuletic, Mujkic, & Ebling, 2002). Many suffered as refugees displaced persons their lives disrupted, often brutally. During this period conflict, internally people had poorer than did those stayed homes, and, generally, all living areas directly affected by war lower health-related quality life (Babic-Banaszak et al., 2002; Lopes Cardozo, Vergara, Agani, Gotway, 2000). impact on inequalities populations is well understood; changes morbidity control chronic diseases are common because lack continual medical care face poor adaptation new environments (Cardozo 2004; Kozaric-Kovacic, Kocijan-Hercigonja, Jambrosic, Mollica, McInnes, Sarajlic, Lavelle, Massagli, 1999; Momartin, Silove, Manicavasagar, Steel, 2003; Torinek, Katic, Kern, 2005; Waldman, 2001). In 1995, National Research Council Federal Republic (as it was known from 1992 2003) reported notable increase rates abortion, child mortality, birth defects, premature births Yugoslavia. Preterm delivery, or prematurity, most important risk factor for retinopathy prematurity (ROP), condition leads blindness related perinatal neonatal periods (Darlow, Hutchinson, Henderson-Smart, Donoghue, Simpson, Evans, 2005). Virtually unit-based population-based studies factors ROP identified measure immaturity infant's size (low weight gestational age) having greatest association with (Flynn, 1987; McColm Fleck, 2001), being strongly associated smaller, immature, sicker infants prematurely (Lermann, Fortes Filho, Procianoy, 2006; O'Connor, Stewart, Singh, Fielder, Shah, Yeo, Ling, Ho, has also been examined context socioeconomic circumstances shown be major contributing cause both middle-income middle-level rank Human Development Index (HDI) determined United Nations (Gilbert, Rahi, Eckstein, O'Sullivan, Foster, 1997; Gilbert Kocur Resnikoff, early (1990-95), which characterized migration people, Yugoslavia, low standard living, number greater (although there constant decrease 1995), rate increased; pattern noted Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (Fatusic, 2001; Nedic, Loncar, Ravic, Komazec, Torinek linked factors, such elevated maternal stress anxiety, biomedical (Nedic 1999). It recognized causes multifactorial, speculated environmental stress, fear, exile, inadequate prenatal care, contribute (Hoffman Hatch, 1996; Kuvacic, Skrablin, Hodzic, Milkovic, McCormick al. …