Cardiac cachexia: a systematic overview.

摘要: Cardiac cachexia as a terminal stage of chronic heart failure carries poor prognosis. The definition this clinical syndrome has been matter debate in recent years. This review describes the ongoing discussion about issue and complex pathophysiology cardiac with particular focus on immunological, metabolic, hormonal aspects at intracellular extracellular level. These include regulators such neuropeptide Y, leptin, melanocortins, ghrelin, growth hormone, insulin. regulation feeding is discussed are nutritional treatment disease. mechanisms wasting different body compartments described. Moreover, we discuss several therapeutic approaches. appetite stimulants like megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone cannabinoids. Other drug classes interest comprise angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, anabolic steroids, beta-adrenergic agonists, anti-inflammatory substances, statins, thalidomide, proteasome pentoxifylline.