Economic and technical challenges of flexible operations under large-scale variable renewable deployment

摘要: Abstract Fundamental characteristics of solar and wind power have generated controversy about their economic competitiveness appropriate techniques for assessing value. This research presents an approach to quantify the value variable renewable capacity demonstrates its dependence on deployment levels, regional resource endowments, fleet flexibility, trade assumptions. It assesses technical impacts large-scale penetration by linking two models, representing electric-sector investments detailed operations. Model results California Texas suggest that operational constraints costs dispatchable generators (e.g., minimum load ramping limits, startup costs) can impact integration costs, but temporal spatial variability are larger determinants Restrictions transmission coordination in planning dispatch decrease energy, highlighting potential roles market design trade. Energy storage is shown be a valuable balancing asset at higher revenues diminish with increased deployment.