Amphibian responses to livestock use of wetlands: new empirical data and a global review

摘要: Pastureland currently occupies 26% of Earth's ice-free land surface. As the global human population continues to increase and developing countries consume more protein-rich diets, amount devoted livestock grazing will only continue rise. To mitigate loss biodiversity as a consequence ever-expanding converted from native habitat into pastureland for grazing, an understanding how impact wildlife is critical. While previous reviews have examined on wide variety taxa, there been no examining affects amphibians. We conducted both empirical study in south-central Florida cattle amphibian communities quantitative literature review similar studies five continents. Our analyzed community responses binary (presence/absence) variable, continuous variable based cow pie density. Across all analyses, we were unable find any evidence that affected at our site. The returned 46 papers met criteria inclusion. Of these studies, 15 found positive effects amphibians, 21 neutral/mixed effects, 10 negative effects. analysis data indicates species historically occurred closed-canopy habitats are generally negatively by presence. In contrast, open-canopy amphibians likely experience presence livestock, most occur locations with cooler climates and/or greater precipitation seasonality. Collectively, work demonstrate under correct conditions well-managed rangelands able support diverse assemblages These rangeland ecosystems may play critical role protecting future serving "off-reserve" system supplement conserved within traditional protected areas.