Mission of randomness.

摘要: In order to explore the possibility of cross-species/subtype reassortments in influenza A viruses, this issue Virulence Drs Wu and Yan address reassortment virus based on analysis nonstructural protein variations from a purely random mechanism viewpoint.1 This approach is interesting but not widely known scientific community. Indeed, an extensive literature search reveals that only research group, Yan, has applied it so far. Why does mutation occur? What driving force behind mutation? These are questions have been puzzling world for long time, humans intended solve years. Mutations troubled with pain, even death. According Yan’s consideration, one forces mutations randomness existing structure.1 So what mysterious randomness? uncharted areas which use undefined unclear terms may leave community at loss. However, unlikely be case, because structure measured by maximal probability occurrence.2-5 Is trick replace less popular term somewhat understandable term? No, can calculated very simply. For example, there bag containing 10 blue 20 red balls, probabilities should 20/30 × 10/29 or 10/30 20/29 when you take two balls bag. Similarly, amino acid pair chance constructed same way. If not, nature deliberately do so. Otherwise would uncomfortable seek mutate occurrence. How we measure tendency? It difference between predicted actual structure.6 Interestingly enough, makes portion approaching probability, also other away leads tendency toward future. everlasting mutations. Influenza viruses affecting our time most commonly infectious disease, whose seasonal epidemics occasional pandemics brought about loss many lives species. The prevention treatment costly, presents huge burden worldwide. All these results stem frequent genetic segments different species and/or subtypes, crucial new strains formed induce outbreak.7 outbreak highly pathogenic avian A/H5N1 started 1996,8 last pandemic A/H1H1 2009,9 newest atypical A/H7N9 just emerged since early 2013.10 Unfortunately, threatening continue circulate some regions populations. It clear 8 RNA encode 11 viral proteins, provide foundation reassortment. There differences genes subtypes species, basis classification. general, such prevent cross-subtype cross-species infection, form subtype barrier barrier. However, challenge subtype/species like strain A(H1N1)pdm09 material came three species: human, swine, indicating small species. Therefore, important estimate proteins subtypes. Modern technologies rapidly developed recent years11 genomic sequences useful molecular epidemiological advances helps understanding events.12 Although multiple sequence alignment phylogenetic tree construction showed low degree variation within alleles proteins,13 seems how yet explained. evaluated statistical viewpoint. They used as quantify each then analyze first time. Their demonstrate general inter-subtype/species remarkably smaller than intra-ones phenomenon found all ten viruses. sheds light explaining question why occur frequently viruses. Analysis variance (ANOVA) almost fields estimating group means among groups. ANOVA deals numerical components while presented acids alphabet format, compare novel converted into characteristics conduct various analyses modeling using computational Yan.6 their study, concept no thus easier during co-infection. The promote further development surveillance, antiviral vaccines, drugs. Recently revealed vaccines effective controlling outbreaks partially primary target designed immunity hemagglutinin antigen specific strain.14 To any therapy, major drawback drug resistance, depends reduced fitness particular mutations.15 Evidence conform susceptible variation. Thus, strategies focused developing universal anti-viral drugs vaccines16 brings hope finally defeat threat epidemic