Nontarget effects of foliar fungicide application on the rhizosphere: diversity of nifH gene and nodulation in chickpea field

摘要: Aims:  This study explores nontarget effects of fungicide application on field-grown chickpea. Methods and Results:  Molecular methods were used to test the foliar diversity distribution nifH genes associated with two chickpea cultivars their nodulation. Treatments replicated four times in a split-plot design field, 2008 2009. Chemical disease control did not change richness chickpea, but selected different dominant gene sequences 2008, as revealed by correspondence analysis. Disease strategies had no significant effect severity or Dry weather conditions rather than restricted plant growth that year, suggesting reduced infection is factor modifying rhizosphere. Reduced nodule size enhanced N2-fixation protected plants indicate affects physiology, which may turn influence rhizosphere bacteria. The genotypes also affected rhizosphere, illustrating importance selective bacterial communities. Conclusions:  We conclude chemical nodulation host physiology. A direct bacteria cannot be ruled out, however, residual amounts found accumulate soil plants. Significance Impact Study:  Systemic phytoprotection reported for first time. result suggests possibility manipulating associative biological nitrogen fixation field.