摘要: As seen in Chap. 4, usually the marginal distributions of financial time series are not well fit by normal distributions. Fortunately, there a number suitable alternative models, such as t-distributions, generalized error distributions, and skewed versions t- All these will be introduced this chapter. Typically, parameters estimated maximum likelihood. Sections 5.9 5.14 provide an introduction to likelihood estimator (MLE) , Sect. 5.18 provides references for further study on topic.