Recent advancement and prospective of heterogeneous carbonaceous catalysts in chemical and enzymatic transformation of biodiesel

摘要: Abstract Carbon derived from waste biomass has emerged as a promising candidate towards the synthesis of catalyst or support for chemical and enzymatic reactions. Excellent surface properties like large specific area high porosity make carbon an exceptional contender support. Moreover, appreciable electron conductivity relative inertness enrich its applicability in processes. The biomass-derived catalysts are environmentally benign reducing footprint cost competitive to other heterogeneous available biodiesel production. Carbons functionalized with different alkali metals, SO3H group, alkoxides, enzymes transition metals enhance catalytic activity transesterification triglycerides alkyl esters. Biodiesel, alternative conventional petro-diesel is studied globally modern era. cost-effective process involves catalysis employing various supports. traditional expensive on indus trial scale; hence, plays vital role minimizing final product due stability, efficient activity, noticeable reusability. For success biorefinery concept present day sustainable development future, there need design new generation multifunctional perhaps consisting biomass. This, turn, will selective transformation non-conventional sources into source energy. Henceforth, review offers broad synopsis evolving carbonaceous such activated carbon, graphene, nanotubes, monoliths nanohorns their use