Assessing spillovers from universities to firms: evidence from French firm-level data

摘要: We assess the importance of information flows from universities to innovative firms and determine relative contribution formal collaboration pure knowledge spillovers in this process. find that provide most benefit imitate existing technologies or those are involved incremental innovation. On other hand, highly appear derive collaborative research with foreign universities. Indeed, at frontier academic their industry. Therefore, they only marginally aggregate (or industry-wide) spillovers. They require new forms acquire through cooperation