Manuel de la Cruz Gonzalez: Transnationalism and the Development of Modern Art in Costa Rica

摘要: iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xii ABBREVIATIONS xv INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER THE ORIGINS MODERN ART IN COSTA RICA: NATIONALISM AND SHIFTING TRADITIONS 15 The Cultural Legacy of Costa Rica's Colonial History 16 Culture Rican Independence 21 Birth the Vanguard 30 Modern Art Arrives in San Jose 35 Exhibitions Visual Arts 1928-1937 50 Conclusion 59 2 MODERNIZING NATION: GONZALEZ’S IMAGES RICAN LANDSCAPE SOCIETY 61 Breaking with Convention: Light, Color, and Exaggerated Proportions.. 64 Gonzalez’s Vernacular Content: A Realist Vision Individualism 75 Jose’s First Mural Rica’s “labriego sencillo” 94 Calderon Guardia, Social Reform, Revolution 1948 102 110 3 MODERNIST SHIFTS EXILE: GONZALEZ HAVANA MARACAIBO 113 Politics Cuba 115 Artistic Awakening within Havana’s Embrace 136 Maracaibo: Gonzalez Reaches Toward Cosmic 148 Conclusion: artist’s experience exile 173 4 RETURN TO STATE PATRONAGE CHALLENGES “COSMIC” 176 1950s Motion to Action: Second Republic Early Government Support 179 1960s: Public Art, Grupo Ocho Direccion General de Artes y Letras 194 Taller Insistence on Expressive Freedom .. 209