Spatial Search and Efficiency Rates as Components of Wolf Predation Risk

摘要: Anthropogenic linear features are hypothesized to increase wolf (Canis lupus) predation risk for a threatened ungulate, woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Previous research has shown that these selected by wolves while searching prey, but their effect on the net efficiency of predation, measured in kills per day, not been addressed. We use resource selection and proportional hazards modeling assess spatial drivers both search rates multi-prey system. Topographic variation consistently affected searching. However, effects anthropogenic footprint upon total imposed were mediated solely changes rate; generally did change with proximity as previously hypothesized. Predicted models cumulative hazard encountered validated well among-pack kill rates, suggesting allow scaling up local heterogeneity population-level dynamics. Lastly, we estimated an integrated model relative product which captured distinct contributions each component risk.