Beneficial Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture

摘要: There was a desperate need for food to recover the economy of 1950s and 1960s. Farmers all over world were advised rely on intensive production methods synthetic pesticide inputs increase productivity. No doubt, these chemical-based agricultural practices substantially increased crop yield. However, indiscriminate use agrochemicals have contributed significantly environmental pollution adversely affected human animal health. In addition, increasing cost has continued lower farmer’s net cash return. The global pesticides at start this millennium exceeded 2.5 million tons per year. A growing worldwide concern problems motivated researchers, administrators, farmers seek alternatives chemical-based, conventional agriculture. One such product is effective microorganisms (EM) developed by Japanese scientists. Effective are mixed culture beneficial naturally occurring microorganisms, as species photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas palustris Rhodobacter sphaeroides), lactobacilli (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, Streptococcus lactis), yeasts (Saccharomyces spp.), Actinomycetes (Streptomyces spp.). These improve growth yield photosynthesis, producing bioactive substances hormones enzymes, controlling soil diseases, accelerating decomposition lignin materials in soil. Experiments conducted various crops different parts shown good prospects practical application improving fertility. Application generally improves physical chemical properties favors efficiency symbiotic nitrogen fixing rhizobia arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Nonetheless experiences some researchers revealed that effect usually not evident or even negative first test crop. adverse can be overcome through repeated applications microorganisms. Research yields tend gradually subsequent grown. Foliar avoids many biotic abiotic factors constraints environment, thus increases significantly. also reduces seed bank weeds soils enhancing rate weed seeds germination. reports management fungal bacterial pathogens well insect pests due great promise dairy wastewater treatment. They reduce NH3 concentration poultry manure up 70% possibly transforming NH 4 + NO 3 − . so far concludes benefits best exploited their few years combination with organic amendments applying them foliar spray. Integrated matter plus half mineral NPK equivalent full recommended fertilizers dose. Beneficial used treatment, pest disease management, stresses