Information is physical

摘要: Thermodynamics arose in the 19th century out of attempt to understand performance limits steam engines a way that would anticipate all further inventions. Claude Shannon, after World War II, analyzed communications channel. It is no surprise, then, shortly emergence modern digital computing, similar questions appeared field. was not hard associate logic gate with degree freedom, then kT that, and presume this energy has be dissipated at every step. Similarly, it seemed obvious many uncertainty principle, ΔEΔt∼ℏ, could used calculate required minimal involvement, therefore loss, for very short Δt.