Bio-Connections Between Southern Continents: What is and What is Not Possible to Conclude

摘要: Several advances have been made on the understanding of biotic and environmental history South America Antarctica including discovery additional fossil sites coupled with progress from multidisciplinary analyses encompassing tectonic, isotopic, radiochemical dating molecular studies in modern forms. This also changed knowledge about birds. Characters American (SAn) avian record are: (1) presence taxa uncertain affinities absence Passeriformes during Paleogene; (2) progressive accelerated increase species starting at Neogene (Miocene); (3) dispersal important extinct lineages (e.g. Phorusrhacidae, Teratornithidae) to North after connection between both Americas; (4) scarce endemic that are members clades major diversification (e.g., Cariamiformes) or inhabit mainly southern hemisphere Anhingidae); (5) highly diverse living groups limited Passeriformes) none Apodiformes) whose stem registered Europe; (6) most extant SAn bird lineages; (7) predominance zoophagous birds (>60 %) all associations (13) under scrutiny. Changes diversity Cenozoic could result action different processes (dispersal, vicariance, extirpations, extinctions) affect ways.