Biodiversity, Ecosystem and Commodities in Amazonia

摘要: The Amazonian Region has undergone constant pressure from human activities in the past 100 years, with dramatic changes landscapes caused by significant impacts on a great number of rainforest biotic communities. Historical data show that last pulse expansion forest, which initiated 4-5,000 years ago (Burnham & Johnson, 2004; Bush Silman, 2007), been permanently halted due to intensification land use and occupation along southern ecological contact zone between forest savanna ecosystems. Such pristine environment, similar scale richness as witnessed first Europeans who arrived South America wrestled Native Americans, can no longer be preserved or even restored its original state. Almost twenty percent primeval Amazon tropical altered destroyed Brazil, country encompasses most this diverse biome. An important portion information is now maps, natural history anthropology books scientific collections (Moran Ostrom, 2009). documentation showing different pathways these 500 crucial understand learn experiences success failure. Resiliency, adaptation modification environment rich biodiversity have shaped dynamic biome shifted magnitude intensity decades activity (Joels Camara, 2001; Buckeridge, 2008). Understanding successive events one challenges facing modern community. Accurate science technology potentially improve future management complex environment. current trend environmental awareness reflected conservation, services, global change sustainable at odds economic growth tensions social injustice regions placed Amazonia under worldwide spotlight terms collective consciousness for nature preservation. To reduce impact simultaneously preserve indigenous other traditional cultures top priorities agendas Non Governmental Organizations. level publications aspects biological diversity Brazilian constantly improving. Similarly, public private institutions are experiencing new