Macrophages in Helminth Infection: Effectors, Regulators, and Wound Healers

摘要: Parasitic worms that infect people and animals cover an enormous phylogenetic spectrum within the animal kingdom. The infective larvae migrate into nearby lymphatics take up residence, where they mature, mate, produce microfilaria circulate in bloodstream. Eggs lodge tissues, particularly liver, gut, bladder wall, are main cause of pathology. In context helminth infection, macrophages will be exposed to many signals beyond IL-4 IL-13 may modulate or enhance alternatively activated phenotype. role granuloma formation control not only is important consideration parasite containment, but also one most processes associated with pathology infection. study wound healing has implications far including tissue remodeling asthma pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, although during infection actively recruited inflammatory context, nature this inflammation differs from seen classical macrophage activation by microbial products IFN-γ. induction arginase IL-4/IL-13 reduce NO levels, thus acting mediators "classical inflammation". Consistent their roles as immune regulators, high levels downregulatory cytokines IL-10 TGF-β. More radically, authors have begun appreciate major healing, for understanding evolution Th2 immunity.