Holistic screening of collapsing honey bee colonies in Spain: a case study

摘要: Here we present a holistic screening of collapsing colonies from three professional apiaries in Spain. Colonies with typical honey bee depopulation symptoms were selected for multiple possible factors to reveal the causes collapse. Omnipresent Nosema ceranae and Lake Sinai Virus. Moderate prevalences found Black Queen Cell Virus trypanosomatids, whereas Deformed Wing Virus, Aphid Lethal Paralysis strain Brookings neogregarines rarely detected. Other viruses, apis, Acarapis woodi Varroa destructor not Palinologic study pollen demonstrated that all foraging on wild vegetation. Consequently, pesticide residue analysis was negative neonicotinoids. The genetic trypanosomatids GAPDH gene, showed there is large distance between Crithidia mellificae ATCC30254, an authenticated cell since 1974, rest presumed C. sequences obtained our or published. This means latter group corresponds highly differentiated taxon should be renamed accordingly. results this demonstrate drivers colony collapse may differ geographic regions different environmental conditions, beekeeping agricultural practices. role other pathogens has studied future, especially neogregarines. Beside their pathological effect bees, classification taxonomy these protozoan parasites also clarified.