Parasitism and Parasitoidism in Tarsonemina (Acari: Heterostigmata) and Evolutionary Considerations

摘要: Publisher Summary This chapter presents the routes of evolution from phoresy and physogastry toward parasitism parasitoidism, distribution parasites parasitoids among superfamilies families Tarsonemina. . Among taxa in superfamily Tarsonemoidea, only one adult female morph is known. However, all-parasitoid Pyemotoidea, known Acarophenacidae, but dimorphism recorded at least some members Pyemotidae. For parasitoids, synchrony with host phenology vital to survival population because activity or progeny provide resources for mites, young emerging winged adults are indispensable agents mites' disperal. Evolution parasitoidism appears be correlated also a capacity undergo physogastry, an immense swelling her body while feeding on host, before reproduction, accommodate nearly simultaneous development many embryos, so that they even-aged adulthood. Within family Tarsonemidae, there genera well documented as parasites, predators. The Tarsonemina manifest various attributes have acted course favor diversity symbiotic ways life.