The flow of Energy through the Earth's Climate System: Land and Ocean Exchanges

摘要: two. Incoming radiant energy may be scattered and reflected by clouds aerosols or absorbed in the atmosphere. The transmitted radiation is then either at Earth’s surface. Radiant solar shortwave transformed into sensible heat, latent (involving different water states), potential kinetic before being emitted as longwave energy. Energy stored for some time, transported various forms, converted among types, giving rise to a rich variety of weather turbulent phenomena atmosphere ocean. Moreover, balance can upset ways, changing climate associated weather. In this paper, mean annual cycle flowing system its storage, release, transport atmosphere, ocean, land surface are estimated with recent observations. variability also considered. An emphasis placed on establishing internally consistent quantitative estimates discussion assessment uncertainty. At top-of-atmosphere (TOA), adjusted radiances from Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Clouds System (CERES) used. reanalyses National Centers Environmental Prediction/NCAR reanalysis (NRA) (Kalnay et al. 1996) second generation European Centre Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA-40) (Uppala 2005) Japanese (JRA) (Onogi 2007) used they contain most comprehensive global atmospheric temperature moisture fields. Vertically-integrated quantities components, transports, divergences have been computed archived. net upward flux (FS) over ocean derived residual TOA budgets, compared direct calculations heat content (OE) tendency (δOE/δt) several datasets. datasets diagnose T include World Ocean Atlas 2005 (WOA, Locarini 2006), analysis Meteorological Agency Version 6.2 (JMA, Ishii recently corrected Global Data Assimilation (GODAS, Behringer along consideration ECCO (Estimating Circulation Climate Ocean) analyses (Stammer 2004). Over FS stand-alone simulation Community Land Model forced observed fields Comprehensive depiction budget during ERBE (February 1985 April 1989) CERES (Mar. 2000 May 2004) periods constructed that match global, global-ocean, global-land imbalances. addition, both examined δOE/δt. near between (RT) thus OE, RT total divergence land, documented cycle. However, there an regions 2.2±0.1 PW (10 15 watts) primarily northern winter when exceeds 5 PW. albedo dominated semiannual