Pharmacodynamic monitoring using biomarkers to individualize pharmacotherapy.

摘要: Drug doses are often titrated upon their clinical effects (e.g., blood pressure). Unfortunately, for many drugs there is no direct, read-out to estimate dose adequateness. Alternatively, drug dosing based on the maximum tolerated approach or therapeutic monitoring. However, concentration-response curves may be flattened bell-shaped as suggested some 'biologicals'. Together, these aspects raise question why not individualized by pharmacodynamic Evaluating of at pharmacological target meaningful biomarkers might indicate nonresponders, objectively quantify molecular effect and thus restrict overdose underdosing. This review outlines theory biological technical prerequisites biomarker-based monitoring, highlights selected examples from different fields medicine.