Phenological synchronization disrupts trophic interactions between Kodiak brown bears and salmon

摘要: Climate change is altering the seasonal timing of life cycle events in organisms across planet, but magnitude often varies among taxa [Thackeray SJ, et al. (2016) Nature 535:241–245]. This can cause temporal relationships species to change, strength interaction. A large body work has explored what happens when coevolved shift out sync, virtually no studies have documented effects climate-induced synchronization, which could remove barriers between and create novel interactions. We how a predator, Kodiak brown bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), responded asymmetric phenological shifts its primary trophic resources, sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa). In years with anomalously high spring air temperatures, fruited several weeks earlier became available during period spawned tributary streams. Bears departed spawning streams, where they typically kill 25–75% [Quinn TP, Cunningham CJ, Wirsing AJ Oecologia 183:415–429], forage on berries adjacent hillsides. prey switching behavior attenuated an iconic predator–prey interaction likely altered many ecological functions that result from bears foraging [Helfield JM, Naiman RJ (2006) Ecosystems 9:167–180]. document resource phenology alter food webs through mechanism other than mismatch. The current emphasis singular consumer-resource interactions fails capture climate-altered phenologies reschedule availability energy flows ecosystems.