From the Laboratory to Full-Scale Applications of Forward Osmosis: Research Challenges and Opportunities

摘要: Forward osmosis (FO) has recently emerged as a new separation platform for range of applications that are currently not possible other membrane processes. This review paper covers key aspects FO development with specific emphasis on current technical challenges practical applications. Main hurdles in the transition from lab-scale process to large scale include low-performance membranes, suitable draw solute, inherent transport phenomena (e.g. concentration polarization and reverse solute flux), fouling subsequent cleaning. Several membranes have been developed some improved performances but no yet found convincing all performance indicators. Draw solutes broadly investigated mainly at lab-scale. There only very few pilot-scale studies, most them using inorganic salts solutes. Development thermo-responsive TFC reported be effective reducing flux while altering hydrodynamic conditions use ultrasonication along exploring viable options suggested tackle external internal respectively. Although types mitigation strategies extensively explored, this also highlights need further research biofouling long-term operation.