The supply chain of CO2 emissions.

摘要: CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are conventionally attributed to country where produced (i.e., burned). However, these production-based accounts represent a single point in value chain fuels, which may have been extracted elsewhere and be used provide goods or services consumers elsewhere. We present consistent set carbon inventories that spans full supply global emissions, finding 10.2 billion tons 37% traded internationally an additional 6.4 23% embodied goods. Our results reveal vulnerabilities benefits related current patterns energy use relevant climate policy. In particular, if unavoidable price were imposed on somewhere along chain, then all parties would seek impose generate revenue taxes collected permits sold. The geographical concentration carbon-based relatively small number involved extracting refining those suggest regulation at wellhead, mine mouth, refinery might minimize transaction costs as well opportunities for leakage.