Masculinity in Milliseconds: An Evolutionary & Neurophysiological Perspective on Expressions of Masculinity

摘要: There is no consensus on how masculinity manifested in our species. Here we argue that masculine displays vary terms of rapidly they emerge. The most rapid are reflexive, primal, and shared with males other social primate We suggest these behaviors evolved to protect the individuals others his groups from external threats, such as large predators or aggressors troops. This has led high testosterone displaying reactive aggression, without substantive assessment about their own vulnerability risk. In this situation, impedes cognitive processing, which may require many more milliseconds than be available if a threat imminent unpredictable. At extreme, performative strategic. They relate status won, lost, displayed within group. These relative intraspecific dominance hierarchy information forebrain accessed, memory, order assess Masculine type take time processing first type. contrast proposed here consistent fact prone display risky behaviors, concurrently less likely diagnosed clinical depression anxiety. Our analysis provides both an evolutionary neuroendocrinological explanation for persistence traits have been recognized by sociologists hegemonic, but not necessarily adaptive modern settings.