Coccinellid Introductions: Potential for and Evaluation of Nontarget Effects

摘要: Aphid-feeding Coccinellidae, subfamily Coccinellinae, are found in many terrestrial habitats and have been used extensively for biological control of aphid pest species (Hagen 1962, 1974; Frazer 1988; Hodek Honek 1996; Obrycki Kring 1998). Most if not all aphidophagous Coccinellidae feed on several prey items (Hodek 1993, 1996); the question is what level specificity required safe introduction these predators? The selection coccinellid importation typically based field observations predation target and/or consistent associations their native range. While a logical first step, observed does necessarily mean that preferred or suitable development reproduction (Strand 1996, et al. 1997a).