patterns in defensive strategies and quantitative allocation to chemical defences in Palaearctic and Nearctic pine trees

摘要: ABSTRACTAim Using pine trees as a long-lived woody plant model, we analysed the extentto which constitutive and induced allocation to chemical defences were con-served across phylogeny, tested hypothesis that patterns of defensiveallocation defensive strategies differ between Palaearctic Nearctic pines.Location Common-environment study with species.Methods We grew 17 species (eight nine Nearctic) in acommon environment measured stem needle concentrations ofphenolics non-volatile resin, two major quantitative inpines. In particular, studied defences(in control plants) potential inducibility those traits response toelicitation hormonal analogues jasmonic acid (methyl jasmonate)and salicylic (benzothiadiazole) pathways defence against herbivo-rous insects pathogens.Results found strong phylogenetic signal concentra-tion phenolics needles resin stem, but not elsewhere. Wefound pines showed 70% greater concentration constitutiveneedle than species. contrast, potentialof did species.Main conclusions Our findings suggest macroevolutionary history (phy-logeny biogeographical origin combined) has played an important role inthe evolution among species, inthat defences. Specifically, chemicaldefences seems be well preserved phylogeny. theinducibility was evolutionarily labile maydepend more on particular climate, biotic interactions resource avail-ability each species’ range.KeywordsConstitutive defences, inducibility, oleoresin, phenolics, Pi-nus, Plant–herbivore interactions.INTRODUCTIONUnderstanding determinants phenotypic variation inantiherbivore been majorresearch focus for over three decades (Coley et al., 1985;Stamp, 2003; Futuyma & Agrawal, 2009; Karban, 2011). Anumber studies have proposed (e.g. herbivory)and abiotic climate availability) factors arethe fundamental drivers explaining to, andultimately of, (Rhoades Cates,1976; Coley 1985; Stamp, 2003). Classic recent inves-tigations suggested evolutionary relationships