Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Loci Encoded by Plasmids

摘要: Toxin–antitoxin (TA) loci were initially identified as auxiliary plasmid maintenance modules (Gerdes 2000). We review a few type II TA systems of the early list that are found in plasmids Gram-negative bacteria and have been more extensively characterized. These include ccd system F, kis-kid R1, higBA Rts1, parDE RK2. also two Gram-positive bacteria: ω-e-ζ pSM19035 Streptococcus pyogenes axe-txe pRUM, multidrug resistant factor Enterococcus faecium. Most these analyzed both at functional structural levels on whole they provide an insight essential features, diversity, relationships, relevance loci.