Implantable microelectronic devices

摘要: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science CE-MS-2005-06 In recent years, biomedical engineering has seen phenomenal technological achievements. A particular subfield biomedical, microelectronic implants emerged and, in time, gained much momentum. Starting with the implantable pacemaker some 50 years ago, such devices have been increasingly investigated over last two decades, resulting a plethora actual systems diverse capabilities for various applications. However, special nature implant application environment, i.e. inside human body, poses many stringent design constraints, most important being low power consumption small size. These traditionally limited space researchers developers. Nonetheless, few advances technology, featuring ultra-low-power transistors miniature size, somewhat relaxed these redefined what is ”feasible” not design. Thus, new approaches can now be developing generations powerful, multi-featured, tiny implants. To this end, clear view current state art must, first, acquired. By studying existing implementations choices, any deficiencies or overlooked issues as well potentials hidden trends successfully identified. The technology vehicle, an (unprecedented) study will basis future implementations. Motivated by above observations, thesis we assume tasks. Firstly, perform broad scrutinous survey period of, approximately, 20 years. collect, organize, at times clarify finally, report information each studied system. As second task based on findings survey, exhaustive classification presented complemented in-depth annotation findings. Observations are made general conclusions drawn. Implantable comprehensive