Medical fact and ulcer disease: a study in scientific controversy resolution.

摘要: This study seeks to advance the understanding of controversy resolution in science. I take as a case conceptualization and treatment ulcer disease. Analysis causal accounts effective treatments illustrate ways which competing parallel research programs medicine embody opposing social, political, economic forces are bound epistemological dimensions scientific (e.g., standards evidence, reference, inference), turn shift perception burden proof. The analysis illustrates (1) medical diagnoses create much discover useful distinctions (2) epistemic non values divide scientists into programs, well (3) these structures often effectively prevent closure. Popular judgment generally appreciates knowledge being primarily descriptive, picking out facts that exist world, describing their relationship 'disease', then prescribing which, given additional concerning curative agents or treatments, will cure 'disease'. Such belief, though, belies complex interaction non-epistemic embodied within therapeutic programs. In 1970, Imre Lakatos asked following question replacement one program by another: 'Can there be any objective (as opposed socio-psychological) reason reject programme, is, eliminate its hard core programme for constructing protective belts?' (Lakatos 155) While his answer rough outline was such an is provided rival both explains previous successes other also offers greater heuristic power, serves reminder psychology discovery, theory construction every