Howling by coyotes (Canis latrans) : variation among social classes, seasons, and pack sizes

摘要: From January 1991 to June 1993 we observed 54 coyotes (Canis latrans) for 2507 h in Yellowstone National Park,Wyoming, during which 517 howling events. Among of different types social organization (residentversus transient), members resident packs initiated or participated events, while transient individuals were neverobserved (n = 51 observation). For packs, alpha spent more time and had ahigher rate events than beta pups; pups howled similarly. The percentage andthe typically peaked the dispersal breeding seasons, with lowest puprearing. Social rank season did not influence length Pack size affect rates amongindividuals a pack pair. With respect space-use patterns, frequentlythan expected along periphery te...