Temporal and spatial variation of a winter soundscape in south-central Alaska

摘要: Winter soundscapes are likely different from in other seasons considering wildlife vocalizations (biophony) decrease, wind events (geophony) increase, and winter vehicle noise (technophony) occurs. The temporal variation spatial relationships of soundscape components to the landscape have not been quantified described until now. Our objectives were determine acoustic–environmental a south-central Alaska. We recorded ambient sounds at 62 locations throughout Kenai National Wildlife Refuge (December 2011–April 2012). calculated normalized power spectral density 59,597 recordings used machine learning produce models components. Geophony was most prevalent component (84 %) followed by technophony (15 %), biophony (1 %). occurred primarily night, varied little month, strongly associated with lakes. Technophony had similar variation, peaking April. closer urban areas high snowmobile activity. Biophony rivers inversely related Over 75 % sample sites >1 airplane or noise, mainly remote areas. displayed distinct patterns across 24-h monthly timeframes. These land cover variables which demonstrate discrete exhibiting landscape. Despite predominance geophony, presence this may significant negative effects wilderness quality.