Updates in techniques for improved visualization in sinus surgery.

摘要: PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adequate visualization during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is one of the most critical aspects performing well tolerated and successful surgery. The topic encompasses a broad spectrum preoperative intraoperative manoeuvres surgeon can perform that aid in understanding patient's anatomy delivery efficient surgical care. RECENT FINDINGS Preoperative considerations to improve include optimization haemostasis through management comorbidities (e.g. hypertension, coagulopathies), medication blood thinners) systemic versus topical corticosteroids. New technologies allow visual mapping plans. Advances knowledge anaesthesia have encouraged move toward noninhaled anaesthetics reduce bleeding. High definition cameras, angled endoscopes, 3D endoscopes more recently augmented reality, image-guided surgery, robotic represent state art for high-quality visualization. Topical interventions, such as epinephrine, tranexamic acid warm isotonic saline, help bleeding operative field. Surgical manoeuvres, polyp debulking, septoplasty, carefully controlled tissue manipulation consistent repeatable approach remain fundamental appropriate SUMMARY This chapter delineates medical, technical technological means - preoperatively intraoperatively achieve optimized field ESS.