Effects of Paved Roads on Birds: A Literature Review and Recommendations for the Yellowstone to Yukon Ecoregion

摘要: The purpose of this literature review was threefold: 1) to gain a better understanding the breadth paved-road-related threats birds, 2) synthesize that will aid in heightening awareness about surface transportation and 3) help prioritize research order further bird conservation efforts within Yellowstone Yukon (Y2Y) ecoregion. It found construction maintenance paved roads vehicles which travel upon them pose risks populations. overarching impact habitat loss, fragmentation, invasives, climate change beyond scope review. While roaded habitats can serve certain ecological functions many species avoid for some part their life cycle. Traffic volume associated noise appears be most important causal factor affecting densities breeding populations diverse taxa near roads. birds do not appear perceive as barriers movement, willingness fly over puts at risk collision. is likely impossible mitigate every negative consequence along mile road, but systematic assessment form local scale studies may understand extent magnitude pervasive growing threat This reality compounded by challenge retaining or creating roadless protected areas extinctions range shifts are occur due change.