Environment-induced changes in reproductive strategies and their transgenerational effects in the three-spined stickleback.

摘要: An organism may increase its fitness by changing reproductive strategies in response to environmental cues, but the possible consequences of those changes for next generation have rarely been explored. By using an experiment on three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), we studied how onset breeding photoperiod (early versus late) affect males and females, life histories their offspring. We also explored whether telomeres are involved within- transgenerational effects. In late photoperiod, females reduced investment early clutches, increased sexual signals. Costs terms telomere loss were evident only females. The environmentally induced affected offspring growth survival. Most notably, rate was fastest when both parents experienced a delayed (i.e., survival highest advanced early) photoperiod. There no evidence effects length despite positive parents-offspring relationships this trait. Our results highlight that impact more than one altering seasonal breeders with viability.