Phylogeny of the Baldratiina (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inferred from morphological, ecological and molecular data sources, and evolutionary patterns in plant-galler relationships.

摘要: The phylogeny of the gall-midge subtribe Baldratiina (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was reconstructed from molecular (partial sequence mitochondrial 12S rDNA), morphological and ecological data sets, using 16 representative species most genera. were combined in a single character matrix analyzed separately data, resulting an eco-morphological cladogram cladogram. Attributes galls host associations superimposed on order to detect possible trends evolution these traits. cladograms two independent analyses statistically incongruent, although both provide evidence for monophyly genera Baldratia Careopalpis paraphyly Stefaniola Izeniola. results suggest minor impact characters traditionally used classification Baldratiina, whereas had major phylogenetic inference. Mapping gall attributes suggests that multi-chambered stem constitute ancestral state subtribe, with several subsequent shifts leaf galls. It is concluded contrast other studied groups insects, related baldratiine induce different types galls, attesting speciation driven by gall-type at least as often shifts.