Parenteral nutrition access for the critically ill.

S. McKinley, A. Mackenzie, S. Finfer, R. Ward, J. Penfold, Incidence and predictors of central venous catheter related infection in intensive care patients. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. ,vol. 27, pp. 164- 169 ,(1999) , 10.1177/0310057X9902700206

J E Rhoads, D W Wilmore, S J Dudrick, H M Vars, Long-term total parenteral nutrition with growth, development, and positive nitrogen balance. Surgery. ,vol. 64, pp. 134- 142 ,(1968)

JOSEFINA Liñares, A Sitges-Serra, J Garau, JL Perez, R Martin, Pathogenesis of catheter sepsis: a prospective study with quantitative and semiquantitative cultures of catheter hub and segments. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. ,vol. 21, pp. 357- 360 ,(1985) , 10.1128/JCM.21.3.357-360.1985

B.R. McLeod, S. Fortun, J.W. Costerton, P.S. Stewart, Enhanced bacterial biofilm control using electromagnetic fields in combination with antibiotics. Methods in Enzymology. ,vol. 310, pp. 656- 670 ,(1999) , 10.1016/S0076-6879(99)10051-X

Drucker Mm, Ashkenazi S, Weiss E, Bacterial adherence to intravenous catheters and needles and its influence by cannula type and bacterial surface hydrophobicity. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. ,vol. 107, pp. 136- 140 ,(1986)

ROBERT W. BERNARD, WILLIAM M. STAHL, Subclavian vein catheterizations: a prospective study. I. Non-infectious complications. Annals of Surgery. ,vol. 173, pp. 191- 200 ,(1971) , 10.1097/00000658-197102000-00002

J Linares, J Garau, A Sitges-Serra, Catheter sepsis: the clue is the hub. Surgery. ,vol. 97, pp. 355- 357 ,(1985)

N K Sheth, T R Franson, H D Rose, F L Buckmire, J A Cooper, P G Sohnle, Colonization of bacteria on polyvinyl chloride and Teflon intravascular catheters in hospitalized patients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. ,vol. 18, pp. 1061- 1063 ,(1983) , 10.1128/JCM.18.5.1061-1063.1983

JORDI RELLO, ANA OCHAGAVIA, ELENA SABANES, MARTA ROQUE, DOLORS MARISCAL, ESTEBAN REYNAGA, JORDI VALLES, Evaluation of Outcome of Intravenous Catheter-related Infections in Critically Ill Patients American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. ,vol. 162, pp. 1027- 1030 ,(2000) , 10.1164/AJRCCM.162.3.9911093

Pasteur Rasuli, D. Ian Hammond, Ian R. Peterkin, Spontaneous intrajugular migration of long-term central venous access catheters. Radiology. ,vol. 182, pp. 822- 824 ,(1992) , 10.1148/RADIOLOGY.182.3.822