Microwave remote sensing of snowpacks

摘要: The interaction mechanisms responsible for the microwave backscattering and emission behavior of snow were investigated, models developed relating coefficient (sigma) apparent temperature (T) to physical parameters snowpack. responses wetness, water equivalent, surface roughness, diurnal variations investigated. Snow wetness was shown have an increasing effect with frequency angle incidence both active passive cases. Increasing observed decrease magnitude sigma increase T. equivalent also exhibit a significant influence configuration (roughness) be only wet conditions. Diurnal as large 15 dB at 35 GHz 120 K T 37 GHz. Simple snowpack scene in terms most ground-truth parameters. coefficients these then evaluated; fits measurements generally good. Finally, areas needed additional observations outlined experiments specified further understanding microwave-snowpack mechanisms.