Municipal wastewater treatment with pond technology: Historical review and future outlook

摘要: Facing an unprecedented population growth, it is difficult to overstress the assets for wastewater treatment of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs), i.e. high removal efficiency, simplicity, and low cost, which have been recognized by numerous scientists operators. However, stricter discharge standards, changes in compounds, emissions greenhouse gases, elevated land prices led their replacements many places. This review aims at delivering a comprehensive overview historical development current state WSPs, providing further insights deal with limitations future. The 21st century witnessing way approaching conventional problems pond technology, WSPs should no longer be considered as technology. Advanced models technologies integrated better design, control, management. roles algae, crucial solar-powered aeration, will continue being key solution. Yet, separation suspended algae avoid deterioration effluent remains major challenge while case algal rate pond, research needed maximize growth yield, select proper strains, optimize harvesting methods put biomass production practice. Significant gaps need filled understanding mechanisms gas emission, climate change mitigation, ecosystem services, fate toxicity emerging contaminants. From these insights, adaptation strategies are developed new opportunities future challenges.