Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Disease Control

摘要: Biological control of plant pathogens presents a compellingmethod increasing yields by suppressing ordestroying pathogens, enhancing the ability plants toresist and/or protecting against pathogens.Micro-organisms antagonistic to may bederived from resident microbial community or be offoreign origin. Although there are concerns towards therelease an organism foreign extraction, in general,biological myriad benefits such as beinga component environment, resistant development ofchemical pesticide resistance, being relatively safe and riskfree, compatible with sustainable agriculture.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form one group oforganisms that can act bioprotectors plants. Thesezygomycetous specialized structures asarbuscules vesicles obligate biotrophs utilizehost photosynthates for their growth. They ubiquitousand co-exist over 80% terrestrial includingagricultural horticultural crops. Their interactions withrhizosphere flora fauna influence growth fitnessof associated (Azcon-Aguilar Barea 1992;Fitter Sanders 1992). An incompatible associationbetween host indigenous AMF communitycan lead serious losses crop yields, indicating thesignificance production. In contrast, acompatible association result enhanced plantproductivity, through P nutrition (Ravnskovand Jakobsen 1995), prevention diseasescaused soil-borne (Caron 1989a; St-Arnaudet al. enhancement hormonal activity(Frankenberger Arshad 1995).The rhizosphere, zone soil loosely surrounding theroots, is dynamic environment wherein complex chemicaland microbiological activities occur (Lynch 1990). Themycorrhizosphere region rhizosphere issubjectedtomodificationsfollowingAMFcolonizationofthehostplant(Linderman1988).Inducedbiochemicalchangesinthe root colonization collectivelytermed “mycorrhizosphere effect.” The mycorrhizosphereeffect typically results transient permanent shift theresident favor eliminationorproliferationofpathogens(Edwardsetal. 1998;MeyerandLinderman 1986; Nemec 1994; Paulitz andLinderman 1989).In general, these changes mediated modifications inhost membrane permeability subsequently leads tomodifications exudate composition (Graham et al.1981; Ratnayake 1978). Meticulous management themycorrhizosphere serve effective, safe, andenvironmentally friendly alternative conventional methodsof disease control.