Wingtip shape and flight performance in the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris

摘要: Although wingform is known to differ among individuals of the same species it not how intraspecific variation in wingtip shape associated with flight performance. In this study, we have examined both among- and within-individual relation changes performance European Starling Sturnus vulgaris . We found that level flapping-flight speed ability negotiate an aerial obstacle course were unrelated shape. However, take-off parameters did vary shape; birds more rounded wingtips tended take off from ground at a steeper angle ascent than those relatively pointed wingtips. The relationships between morphology present inter- intra-individual experimental analyses. evolutionary importance discussed terms predator avoidance enhancement individual survival.