Dynamics of the major plinian eruption of Samalas in 1257 A.D. (Lombok, Indonesia)

摘要: The 1257 A.D. caldera-forming eruption of Samalas (Lombok, Indonesia) was recently associated with the largest sulphate spike last 2 ky recorded in polar ice cores. It is suspected to have impacted climate both locally and at a global scale. Extensive fieldwork coupled sedimentological, geochemical physical analyses eruptive products enabled us provide new constraints on stratigraphy dynamics. This four-phase continuous produced total 33–40 km3 dense rock equivalent (DRE) deposits, consisting (i) 7–9 km3 DRE pumiceous plinian fall products, (ii) 16 km3 pyroclastic density current deposits (PDC) (iii) 8–9 km3 co-PDC ash that settled over surrounding islands identified as far 660 km from source flanks Merapi volcano (Central Java). Widespread accretionary lapilli-rich evidence occurrence violent phreatomagmatic phase during eruption. With peak mass rate 4.6 × 108 kg/s, maximum plume height 43 km dispersal index 110,500 km2, stands most powerful millennium. Eruption dynamics are consistent an efficient sulphur-rich aerosols across globe. Remarkable reproducibility trace element analysis few milligrammes tephra provides unequivocal for correlation proximal reference distal islands. Hence, we identify characterise prominent inter-regional chronostratigraphic marker.