The ecosystem approach: science and information management issues, gaps and needs

摘要: Abstract Changing public expectations and increased involvement have challenged traditional management policies practices. And with these challenges, the need for scientific information as a foundation resource decisions continues to increase dramatically especially when policy are highly dependent on quality quantity of available science. To facilitate this, interface between social, economic, physical–biological, ecological models must be improved. New existing research results assembled formatted into packages that usable by managers decision-makers so they able reasonably predict future condition resources resulting from options. This study identified several key gaps in science base needed implementation ecosystem including: ecology multiple scales, species science, monitoring evaluation, `benchmarks' condition, socioeconomic sciences valuation, human dimensions natural use, restoration technology development, quantifying uncertainty assessing risk, modeling, adaptive process. However, major lessons learned through this that, whereas it may important identify gaps, barriers their solutions more social or institutional than nature.